Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders in women of reproductive age, affecting approximately 5-10% of women between the ages of 15 and 44. As a gynecologist, I frequently diagnose and treat this complex condition that can have a significant impact on health and quality of life.
What is PCOS?
PCOS is an endocrine disorder characterized by hormonal imbalances which affects ovulation and ovarian function. The name comes from the presence of multiple cysts on the ovaries, although not all women with PCOS have ovarian cysts.
This condition involves elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) in the body, which can lead to a variety of symptoms and long-term complications if not treated properly.
Symptoms of PCOS
The symptoms of PCOS vary from woman to woman, and their intensity can be different. The main signs and symptoms include:
Irregular menstruation are the most common symptom. Women with PCOS may have fewer than eight periods per year, or menstrual cycles that last longer than 35 days. Some women may have amenorrhea (complete absence of menstruation).
Hirsutism It refers to excessive hair growth in typically male areas, such as the face, chest, abdomen, and back. This is due to increased levels of androgens.
Severe acne and oily skin are common in women with PCOS, resulting from excessive production of androgens that stimulate the sebaceous glands.
Hair loss Male pattern baldness (androgenic alopecia) can appear on the scalp, with thinning hair in the crown area.
Weight gain and difficulty losing weight are common, with many women with PCOS having problems with obesity, especially fat accumulation in the abdominal area.
Infertility It occurs frequently because PCOS disrupts regular ovulation, making conception more difficult.
Diagnostic
The diagnosis of PCOS is based on symptom assessment, physical examination, and laboratory tests.
Blood tests measures hormone levels, including testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and other relevant hormones. Blood sugar and insulin resistance are also checked.
Transvaginal ultrasound It allows visualization of the ovaries to identify the presence of cysts and assess the thickness of the endometrium.
Treatment and Management
Although PCOS cannot be completely cured, symptoms can be effectively managed through treatment and lifestyle changes.
Lifestyle changes are fundamental in the management of PCOS:
– Weight loss of just 5-10% can significantly improve symptoms and restore ovulation
– Regular exercise helps improve insulin sensitivity
– A balanced diet, low in refined carbohydrates and sugar, can help control weight and insulin resistance
Drug treatment may include:
– Oral contraceptives to regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce androgens
– Metformin to improve insulin sensitivity
– Antiandrogen medications for hirsutism and acne
– Ovulation induction medications for women who want to conceive
Long-Term Complications
Women with PCOS are at increased risk for certain long-term conditions:
Type 2 diabetes It is more common in women with PCOS due to insulin resistance.
Cardiovascular diseases may occur due to associated risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and abnormal cholesterol levels.
Endometrial cancer may be more common due to lack of regular ovulation and prolonged exposure to estrogen without the opposition of progesterone.
Conclusion
PCOS is a complex condition that requires a personalized and multidisciplinary approach. With early diagnosis and appropriate management, women with PCOS can lead healthy lives and conceive successfully.
If you suspect you have PCOS, it’s important to see a gynecologist for evaluation and personalized treatment. Don’t hesitate to talk openly about your symptoms – there are effective solutions available.